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Unlocking the World of Car Keys

Car keys have come a long way from simple metal tools to high-tech devices designed to enhance convenience and security. As vehicles evolve, so do the keys that unlock and operate them. Whether you’re a car enthusiast or a driver navigating modern technology, understanding the different types of car keys and their functions can help you appreciate their role in your vehicle’s performance and safety. This guide explores various car key types, their unique features, and the technologies behind them.

Traditional Car Keys: The Classics

Traditional car keys, often referred to as mechanical keys, are the simplest type of car keys. These are commonly found in older vehicles and rely on a basic metal blade that fits into the car’s ignition and door locks.

Key Features of Traditional Keys:

  • Require no electronic components.
  • Depend on physical alignment to operate the lock or ignition.
  • Can be duplicated easily using a standard key-cutting machine.

While these keys are straightforward to use and replace, they lack the advanced security features of modern alternatives, making them more vulnerable to theft.

Transponder Keys: Enhanced Security

Transponder keys are a significant upgrade from traditional keys, incorporating a small electronic chip inside the plastic head of the key. This chip communicates with the vehicle's computer system to authenticate the key before the car starts.

How Transponder Keys Work:

  • The chip transmits a unique signal to the car’s receiver when the key is turned in the ignition.
  • If the signal matches, the car starts; if not, the engine remains immobilized.

Benefits of Transponder Keys:

  • Reduced risk of car theft due to their encryption technology.
  • Widely used in most vehicles manufactured after the mid-1990s.

However, duplicating or replacing a transponder key requires specialized equipment, making it more expensive than traditional keys.

Smart Keys: The Modern Marvels

Smart keys represent a leap into advanced automotive technology. These keys are typically used in vehicles with keyless entry and push-button start systems. Instead of inserting a key into the ignition, drivers simply need to have the smart key inside the vehicle.

Key Features of Smart Keys:

  • Allow for keyless entry and ignition.
  • Use radio frequency identification (RFID) or Bluetooth technology to communicate with the car.
  • Often come with additional functions, such as opening the trunk or remotely starting the vehicle.

Advantages of Smart Keys:

  • Enhanced convenience and ease of use.
  • Advanced security features to deter theft.

Despite their benefits, smart keys are expensive to replace and rely heavily on battery power.

Remote Keys: A Blend of Mechanical and Digital

Remote keys, often combined with transponder technology, offer the ability to lock and unlock car doors at the push of a button. They are commonly included in modern car key fobs and sometimes have a physical blade as a backup.

Features of Remote Keys:

  • Control doors, windows, and sometimes the trunk remotely.
  • Combine traditional key functions with modern convenience.

These keys are versatile and user-friendly but may require reprogramming if the battery is replaced or the signal becomes disrupted.

Key Cards: Compact and Stylish

Key cards are a relatively new addition to the world of car keys, commonly used in high-end and electric vehicles. These slim, credit card-sized devices function like smart keys and communicate wirelessly with the vehicle.

Advantages of Key Cards:

  • Compact and easy to carry.
  • Offer the same functionality as smart keys, including keyless entry and ignition.

While key cards are sleek and innovative, they are prone to damage due to their thin design and may not be as durable as traditional keys.

Valet Keys: Limited Access

Valet keys are designed to offer restricted functionality, allowing a valet or another driver to operate the car without accessing certain areas, such as the glove compartment or trunk.

Purpose of Valet Keys:

  • Provide limited access to the vehicle for security purposes.
  • Prevent unauthorized access to personal belongings.

Valet keys are a practical solution for safeguarding your possessions while still enabling temporary access to your car.

Digital Keys: The Future of Key Technology

Digital keys are the latest innovation in car key technology, allowing drivers to use their smartphones or smartwatches to unlock and start their vehicles.

How Digital Keys Work:

  • Use NFC (Near Field Communication) or Bluetooth to interact with the vehicle.
  • Allow for remote access, such as locking or unlocking the car from a distance.

Benefits of Digital Keys:

  • Eliminate the need for a physical key.
  • Offer enhanced customization, such as granting temporary access to other users.

As convenient as they are, digital keys rely on smartphone technology and can be vulnerable to hacking if not properly secured.

Choosing the Right Key for Your Needs

Car keys have evolved into sophisticated devices that combine functionality, convenience, and security. Whether you’re using a traditional key or embracing the future with a digital key, understanding the type of key your vehicle uses can help you maintain it properly and replace it if necessary.

By staying informed about the different types of car keys and their unique functions, you can make smarter choices when it comes to safeguarding your vehicle and enjoying the driving experience to the fullest.

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The Journey of Car Keys: From Metal to Modern Tech

The Journey of Car Keys: From Metal to Modern Tech

Car keys have come a long way from simple metal tools to advanced digital systems. This evolution reflects the advancements in automotive security, convenience, and technology. Understanding the history of car keys gives you a better appreciation of the tools you use to unlock, start, and secure your vehicle. Here’s a look at how car keys have transformed over the years. 1. The Humble Beginnings: Metal Keys The story of car keys began with simple, unassuming metal keys designed to manually lock and unlock car doors. How They Worked: These keys were physical tools that matched a mechanical lock’s configuration. Challenges: Lost keys or broken locks often required professional locksmiths for replacements or repairs. Impact: Metal keys, while functional, offered little in terms of advanced security or convenience. Though basic, these keys laid the groundwork for innovations to come. 2. Entering the Electronic Era: Remote Keys The next big leap in car key evolution came with the introduction of remote keys in the 1980s. These keys added a layer of convenience and functionality. Features: Remote locking and unlocking. Panic buttons for emergencies. Integration with car alarms for added security. Advantages: No more fumbling for locks in the dark; a simple press of a button provided instant access. Drawbacks: Batteries needed frequent replacement, and repairs were more complex than with traditional metal keys. Remote keys quickly became a standard feature for modern vehicles. 3. The Smart Key Revolution By the late 1990s and early 2000s, smart keys emerged, transforming how you interacted with your car. How They Worked: These key fobs used radio signals to communicate with your car, allowing for keyless entry and push-button starts. Benefits: Enhanced security with encrypted signals. Increased convenience with no need to insert a key into the ignition. Sophisticated design and compact form factors. Limitations: These keys are expensive to replace and require professional programming. Smart keys brought unparalleled convenience but also increased the need for specialized services in case of loss or damage. 4. Integration with Smartphones: Digital Keys In recent years, car key technology has embraced the smartphone revolution, allowing you to unlock and start your car using your mobile device. Features: App-based controls for locking, unlocking, and starting your car. Sharing access with family or friends via the app. Enhanced security with biometric verification like fingerprints or face recognition. Advantages: No physical key needed, making it harder to lose or forget. Considerations: Dependence on phone battery life and app reliability. Digital keys represent the cutting edge of car key technology, blending convenience with advanced security features. 5. Biometric Car Keys: The Future of Security Biometric keys are poised to redefine vehicle access with unmatched security and personalization. How They Work: These systems rely on fingerprint or facial recognition to verify the user’s identity. Benefits: Impossible to replicate or hack. Fully personalized access. Enhanced theft protection. Challenges: High development costs and limited availability in mainstream vehicles. Biometric keys are still in their infancy but hint at a future where cars are more secure than ever. 6. Why Understanding Key Evolution Matters Knowing how car keys have evolved helps you make informed decisions when it’s time to replace or upgrade. Cost Considerations: From simple metal keys to advanced digital systems, replacement costs vary significantly. Security Features: Understanding the security features of your key can help you prevent theft and unauthorized access. Convenience: Opt for a system that matches your lifestyle, whether it’s a traditional key or an app-based digital solution. The more you know, the better equipped you are to choose the right key for your vehicle. Pro Tips for Key Replacement and Maintenance Backup Keys: Always keep a spare key in a safe location. Battery Checks: Replace key fob batteries regularly to avoid sudden malfunctions. Professional Help: Seek professional assistance for programming smart or digital keys. Protect Your Keys: Use a key cover to prevent wear and tear. Proper maintenance ensures your car key remains functional and reliable for years to come. From the simplicity of metal keys to the sophistication of biometric access, car key technology continues to evolve. Each advancement brings greater security, convenience, and innovation, making life easier for car owners like you. Whether you’re replacing a key or exploring the latest tech, understanding this evolution helps you stay ahead in the world of automotive technology.

Top 10 Interesting Facts About Mercedes: A Journey of Luxury, Innovation, and Performance

Top 10 Interesting Facts About Mercedes: A Journey of Luxury, Innovation, and Performance

When you think of Mercedes-Benz , images of luxury, precision engineering, and cutting-edge technology come to mind. As one of the world’s most iconic car manufacturers, Mercedes has a rich history filled with groundbreaking achievements and innovations. Whether you’re an owner or an admirer of the brand, there’s always more to learn. Let’s dive into the top 10 interesting facts about Mercedes-Benz that you might not know. 1. The First Car Ever Made Was a Mercedes-Benz Mercedes-Benz holds the distinction of having created the world’s first automobile. In 1886, Karl Benz invented the Benz Patent Motorwagen, a three-wheeled vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine. This invention marked the beginning of the modern automotive industry. A Pioneer in Mobility : Mercedes-Benz didn’t just create cars; they invented the concept of personal motorized transportation. The company’s innovative spirit started at the very dawn of the industry. 2. The Name "Mercedes" Comes from a Young Girl The name "Mercedes" comes from Mercedes Jellinek, the daughter of a wealthy Austrian businessman and car enthusiast, Emil Jellinek. Jellinek was a major investor in Daimler’s vehicles and convinced the company to use his daughter’s name for a new line of cars in 1901. A Legacy in a Name : The Mercedes brand has since become synonymous with elegance, luxury, and performance, and it all began with the name of a young girl. 3. Mercedes Introduced the First Modern Car Safety Features Mercedes has always been at the forefront of automotive safety. In 1951, the company invented the "crumple zone," a revolutionary design that allows the car to absorb impact in a collision, protecting passengers inside. Pioneering Safety : Mercedes-Benz has led the way in developing safety features that have since become standard in the auto industry, such as airbags, anti-lock brakes, and electronic stability control. 4. The Famous Three-Pointed Star Has a Unique Meaning The iconic Mercedes-Benz logo—the three-pointed star—represents the company’s vision of motorized dominance on land, sea, and air. It’s more than just a logo; it symbolizes Mercedes’ ambition to excel in all forms of transportation. A Symbol of Ambition : Each point of the star represents a different domain, showing how Mercedes is not just focused on cars but has had aspirations in all areas of engineering. 5. Mercedes-Benz Was the First to Offer Diesel Passenger Cars In 1936, Mercedes-Benz was the first automaker to introduce a diesel-powered passenger car. The Mercedes 260D was not only more fuel-efficient than gasoline cars at the time, but it also laid the foundation for diesel technology in passenger vehicles. A Milestone in Efficiency : Mercedes’ commitment to innovation is clear in their early adoption of diesel technology, which became crucial in later years for fuel efficiency and performance. 6. Mercedes-Benz Develops Eco-Friendly Technology Mercedes-Benz has been a leader in developing eco-friendly technologies. From hybrid systems to fully electric vehicles, the brand’s innovation is helping pave the way for a greener automotive future. Green Innovation : The introduction of models like the EQ series, which are fully electric, demonstrates Mercedes’ dedication to reducing carbon footprints without sacrificing luxury or performance. 7. The Gullwing Doors of the Mercedes 300SL Were a Sensation The Mercedes-Benz 300SL, introduced in 1954, became famous for its distinctive "gullwing" doors that opened upwards like the wings of a bird. This innovative design not only gave the car its iconic look but also revolutionized sports car design. A Design Icon : The 300SL is still regarded as one of the most beautiful and innovative cars ever made, and its gullwing doors are a major reason why. 8. Mercedes Has a Rich Racing History Mercedes-Benz has a storied history in motorsports, particularly Formula 1. Mercedes’ F1 team has dominated the sport in recent years, winning numerous Constructors' and Drivers' Championships. Racing Royalty : From the legendary "Silver Arrows" of the 1930s to the modern-day dominance in Formula 1, Mercedes has cemented its place as one of the top names in motorsport. 9. Mercedes Introduced the First Autonomous Driving Features Mercedes-Benz has been a pioneer in autonomous driving technology. In 2013, they introduced a self-driving concept vehicle called the S-Class Intelligent Drive. This was a major step forward in the journey towards fully autonomous cars. Leading the Future : Mercedes continues to push the boundaries with advanced driver assistance systems, leading the way towards a future where autonomous cars may become the norm. 10. Mercedes-Benz Offers Personalization Like No Other Mercedes-Benz offers a wide range of customization options through its "Designo" program, allowing customers to personalize their vehicle’s paint, interior materials, and more. This ensures that each Mercedes is as unique as its owner. Tailored to Perfection : Whether you prefer a bold exterior color or a more refined leather interior, Mercedes gives you the opportunity to create a car that reflects your personality. Mercedes-Benz—A Legacy of Innovation and Luxury Mercedes-Benz has earned its place as one of the most prestigious and innovative automotive brands in the world. From creating the first car to leading the way in safety, performance, and eco-friendly technologies, Mercedes continues to set the standard. Whether you’re fascinated by their history or drawn to their luxurious design, owning a Mercedes is about embracing a legacy of excellence. As a car owner, it’s essential to be prepared for any situation. And while Mercedes may have perfected the art of driving, having a spare key for your vehicle is one practical step to ensure you’re never caught off guard.

Key Lock Standards for Ultimate Vehicle Security

Key Lock Standards for Ultimate Vehicle Security

In today’s world, where vehicle security is more important than ever, understanding the various key lock standards is crucial for protecting your car against theft. Whether you own a luxury vehicle, a family car, or a fleet of commercial vehicles, knowing how different key locking systems work and what standards are in place can ensure that your vehicle remains secure. In this article, we’ll explore the key lock standards that every car owner should know, what makes a secure system, and how they help protect your car from potential threats. Understanding Key Lock Standards Key lock systems play an essential role in vehicle security. Modern car locks are not just about preventing unauthorized entry but also about preventing the car from being started or stolen. A well-designed key lock system integrates advanced technologies that enhance the protection of your vehicle. There are several key lock standards in the automotive industry, each with its specific focus on improving security and minimizing risks. These standards include traditional mechanical key locks, transponder keys, keyless entry systems, and smart keys. Mechanical Key Locks: The Traditional Standard Mechanical key locks are the most basic and traditional form of car locking systems. For many years, these locks were the standard, and they are still widely used today, particularly in older vehicles. A mechanical key lock involves a physical key that is inserted into the door or ignition switch to gain access to the car or start the engine. While simple, mechanical locks are not as secure as newer systems. Over time, thieves have developed methods to bypass or pick mechanical locks, making them less effective for modern vehicle security. However, many vehicles still rely on these locks, and they remain a crucial part of the overall security system. Transponder Keys: A Step Up in Security In response to the vulnerabilities of mechanical key locks, the automotive industry introduced transponder keys in the 1990s. A transponder key is equipped with a microchip embedded inside the key fob. When the key is inserted into the ignition, the microchip sends a signal to the vehicle's engine control unit (ECU), verifying that the key is legitimate and authorized to start the car. Transponder keys significantly enhance vehicle security by making it much more difficult for thieves to clone the key. Without the proper code, the car won’t start, even if the thief has an exact replica of the physical key. This added layer of security has made transponder keys the industry standard in many vehicles. Keyless Entry Systems: Convenience Meets Security Keyless entry systems, also known as remote entry systems, are now common in modern vehicles. These systems allow you to unlock or lock your car without inserting a key. Instead, the car communicates wirelessly with a key fob, sending a unique signal that grants access. The key fob typically includes buttons to lock or unlock the doors and sometimes to start the engine remotely. The convenience of keyless entry is undeniable, but it also introduces certain vulnerabilities. Keyless entry systems rely on wireless signals, which can sometimes be intercepted or duplicated by thieves using sophisticated equipment. To counteract these risks, manufacturers have developed enhanced encryption protocols and rolling codes that change each time the system is used, making it more challenging to hack into the system. Smart Keys: The Next Level of Vehicle Security Smart keys represent the latest evolution in vehicle security. These keys go beyond the capabilities of traditional key fobs and keyless entry systems by offering features like proximity sensing and push-to-start functionality. Smart keys allow you to unlock and start your vehicle without physically touching the key fob. The system detects when the key fob is near the car and grants access automatically. Smart keys are highly secure, as they use advanced encryption methods and rolling codes to protect the vehicle from unauthorized access. In addition, the vehicle can be programmed to disable the engine if an unauthorized key is detected, providing an additional layer of security. International Security Standards for Vehicle Locks To ensure the security of vehicles globally, several international standards have been developed to guide manufacturers in creating secure key lock systems. Some of the most important standards include: ISO 9001 : This standard focuses on the quality management of products, including vehicle locking systems. It ensures that manufacturers meet specific quality control guidelines, which helps ensure the reliability and security of key lock systems. ISO 14298 : This is a more specific standard related to secure key management for vehicles, focusing on preventing unauthorized duplication and tampering with vehicle keys. EC Regulation 1303/2014 : This European regulation outlines the technical specifications for car security systems, including locking systems. It provides a framework to protect vehicles against unauthorized access, theft, and other security risks. Adhering to these standards ensures that vehicle manufacturers meet global security requirements and offer their customers reliable and effective security systems. Why Secure Key Locks Are Essential for Vehicle Protection With increasing car theft rates and sophisticated methods used by criminals, investing in a secure key lock system is no longer optional—it’s essential. A secure key lock system prevents unauthorized access to the vehicle and ensures that only legitimate owners or authorized individuals can use the vehicle. Each level of security, from mechanical locks to smart keys, offers a different degree of protection, and modern vehicles often incorporate multiple systems to strengthen security. The combination of these advanced technologies, alongside international security standards, provides vehicle owners with peace of mind knowing their vehicle is well-protected. Key lock standards have come a long way from the traditional mechanical locks of the past. Today’s vehicles rely on advanced technologies like transponder keys, keyless entry systems, and smart keys to provide higher levels of security. These systems are designed to make it as difficult as possible for thieves to bypass them, giving car owners confidence that their vehicles are protected. By understanding the different key lock standards and their capabilities, you can make informed decisions about your vehicle’s security and take steps to ensure that your car remains safe from theft. Whether you’re driving a new model or an older vehicle, upgrading or maintaining your key lock system can help safeguard your investment and provide peace of mind on the road.

What You Need To Know About BMW  Swirl Flaps and How To Solve The Problem With Them

What You Need To Know About BMW  Swirl Flaps and How To Solve The Problem With Them

Swirl flaps are a BMW system that has been introduced to help burn the fuel mixture in the cylinder better due to the fact that diesel engines do not have throttle valves and it is not possible to adjust the air-fuel ratio. A diesel engine without vortex valves operates between a poor and a rich fuel mixture, because the only way to regulate it is through fuel injection. Design of the first generation swirl flaps that are made of made of metal. Unfortunately, swirl flaps are responsible for countless damaged engines and costly repairs due to design errors or metal fatigue. Once damaged, the cylinder sucks them in and causes great damage. This is how damaged valves damage the cylinder. Typical swirl flaps suction damage. The vortex valves are positioned in the inlet and are controlled by vacuum (DDE 4.0) or electrically (DDE5.0 / DDE6.4) by the engine ECU. Effects of malfunctioning valves: Swirl valves are stuck in open position: Deterioration of exhaust gas performance at lower speeds. Swirl valves are stuck in closed position: Approximate power loss of 10% at high engine speeds. How swirl flaps work: Performance characteristics: The vortex valves are in the closed position, at low engine speeds and small amounts of fuel injected (controlled by the ECU card). They open under the following conditions: coolant temperature <14 ° C OR * fuel quantity> 24 mg OR 2. engine speed 2250 rpm OR 3. inlet air temperature <-5 ° C. BMW and Pierburg have decided to produce diesel engines with metal vortex valves. The speed at which the pistons in the diesel engine operate is at least 60 rpm, so a sucked vortex valve will break and cause a number of damages inside the engine. In most cases, one or more pistons are severely damaged, as a bonus you get valves, in some cases a head or turbocharger. And this combination with a BMW engine is like a cumulative jackpot 🙂 In 2004, BMW began work on the problem and improved the design, however, a number of owners reported ongoing problems in this area. The solution to this problem is by removing the vortex valves and plugging, which does not affect the performance of the engine and at the same time, you can safely pass the exhaust test. Engines: M47 (136hp VP44 fuel pump) has no valves. M47N common rail engine (including M47N / M47TU / M47TUD20) (150hp. Face lift model from 2001 -) has valves. M57 engines (M57D) (525d & 187hp. 330d) cars with manual transmission do not have valves, but those with automatic have. M57N engines (M57TUD) (525d & 330d 204hp) have vortex valves. Ruined swirl flapss: The plugs that replace the vortex valves are easy to find on the internet, but you can also find them here on our website. Typical plugs: Disassembly of vortex valves: The vortex valves can be safely dismantled and in most cases if they are removed properly no loss of power is felt. Final list of models for which vortex valves are installed: Engine: M47N/M47TU/M47TUD20 Applications: * 110 kW (148 hp) and 330 N·m (243 lb·ft) o E46 320d 2001-2005 o E83 X3 2.0d (up to end of 2006) Engine: M47TU2D20 The engine was updated again in 2004 as the M47TU2D20. Still at 1995 cc, it produced more power across the range. Applications: * 120 kW (161 hp) and 340 N·m (251 lb·ft) E60/E61 520d E87 120d E90/E91 320d E83 X3 2.0d (end of 2006 onwards) Engine: M57/M57D25 M57D25 was introduced in 2000. Applications: * 166 PS (122 kW; 164 hp) at 4000 rpm, 350 N·m (260 lb·ft) at 2000-2500 rpm with a 4750 rpm redline, models: 2000-2003 E39 525d *Vehicles With Automatic Transmission ONLY* Engine: M57N/M57TU/M57TUD25 M57TUD25 was introduced in 2004. Applications: * 177 PS (130 kW; 175 hp) at 4000 rpm, 400 N·m (300 lb·ft) at 2000-2750 rpm models: E60/E61 525d Engine: M57/M57D30 M57D30, also called M57D29, was introduced in 1998. Applications: * 184 PS (135 kW; 181 hp)@4000, 390 N·m (290 lb·ft)@1750-3200 models: E39 530d *Vehicles With Automatic Transmission ONLY* E46 330d/330xd *Vehicles With Automatic Transmission ONLY* * 184 PS (135 kW; 181 hp)@4000, 410 N·m (300 lb·ft)@2000-3000 models: E38 730d *Vehicles With Automatic Transmission ONLY* E53 X5 3.0d * 193 PS (142 kW; 190 hp)@4000, 410 N·m (300 lb·ft)@1750-3000 models: E38 730d E39 530d Engine: M57N/M57TU/M57TUD30 M57TUD30 was introduced in 2002. It originally produced 160 kW (215 hp) at 4000 rpm and 500 N·m (370 lb·ft) at 2000-2750 rpm, but was tweaked for 150 kW (201 hp) at 4000 rpm and 410 N·m (300 lb·ft) at 1500-3250 rpm for 2003 and again for 200 kW (268 hp) at 4000 rpm and 560 N·m (410 lb·ft) at 2000-2250 rpm in 2004. Applications: * 204 PS (150 kW; 201 hp)@4000, 410 N·m (300 lb·ft)@1500-3250 models: E46 330d/330Cd/330xd E83 X3 3.0d * 218 PS (160 kW; 215 hp)@4000, 500 N·m (370 lb·ft)@2000-2750 models: E53 X5 3.0d E60/E61 530d/530xd E65 730d * 272 PS (200 kW; 268 hp)@4000, 560 N·m (410 lb·ft)@2000-2250 E60/E61 535d * 245 PS (180 kW; 242 hp)@4000, 500 N·m (370 lb·ft)@2000-2250 * 286 PS (210 kW; 282 hp)@4000, 580 N·m (430 lb·ft)@2000-2250 Engine: M57TU2D30 M57TU2D30 was introduced in 2007, making its debut in the facelifted E60 and E61. * M57TU2D30-UL: 197 PS (145 kW; 194 hp) * M57TU2D30-OL: 235 PS (173 kW; 232 hp)@4000, 500 N·m (370 lb·ft)@2000-2750 * M57TU2D30-TOP: 286 PS (210 kW; 282 hp), 580 N·m (430 lb·ft) Applications: * 197 PS (145 kW; 194 hp), 400 N·m (300 lb·ft) models: E90/E91/E92 325d E60/E61 525d/525xd * 231 PS (170 kW; 228 hp)@4000, 500 N·m (370 lb·ft)@2000-2750 models: E65 730d E90/E91 325d E90/E91 330d/330xd * 235 PS (173 kW; 232 hp) models: E60/E61, BMW E70, BMW E71 * 286 PS (210 kW; 282 hp), 580 N·m (430 lb·ft) models: E60/E61 535d E70 X5 3.0sd E71 X6 xDrive35d E83 X3 3.0sd E90/E91 335d The above models are listed for information only if you want to to make sure your engine has valves installed, please contact a competent person. Please note that the information described above is for informational purposes only and does not claim to be reliable. Mr-key.com is not responsible for any repair work you undertake that is related to the topic described in this article.

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