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The Environmental Impact of Car Manufacturing: A Deep Dive into Its Global Consequences

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24.02.2025

The automobile industry has long been a driving force of economic growth and technological advancement. However, beneath its sleek exteriors and high-speed innovations lies a significant environmental footprint. From the extraction of raw materials to the assembly line and eventual disposal, every stage of a car's life cycle carries substantial ecological consequences. As the world grapples with climate change and resource depletion, it is imperative to assess the environmental impact of car manufacturing and explore sustainable alternatives.

Resource Extraction: The Hidden Cost of Manufacturing

Before a car even reaches the production line, the journey begins with the extraction of raw materials. The automotive industry relies heavily on metals such as steel, aluminum, and lithium, all of which require energy-intensive mining operations. Steel and aluminum production involve large-scale mining activities that contribute to deforestation, soil degradation, and biodiversity loss. The World Steel Association estimates that steel production alone accounts for 7-9% of global CO2 emissions. The demand for lithium and cobalt, key materials in battery production, has led to extensive mining operations in countries like Chile and the Democratic Republic of Congo. These activities have been linked to water shortages, toxic waste, and human rights violations.

The environmental impact of resource extraction does not end at the mines. Refining these materials also emits significant greenhouse gases and pollutants that affect both the atmosphere and local ecosystems.

Energy Consumption and Carbon Footprint in Production

The manufacturing process itself is a major contributor to carbon emissions. Producing a single vehicle requires immense amounts of energy, primarily derived from fossil fuels. Car factories depend on energy-intensive machinery for stamping, welding, painting, and assembling components, with most facilities still relying on non-renewable energy sources, exacerbating their carbon footprint. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the automotive industry accounts for roughly 10% of total global CO2 emissions. While traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles release an average of 4.6 metric tons of CO2 annually, even EV production is not emission-free due to battery manufacturing.

Water Usage and Pollution in Car Manufacturing

Water is a crucial resource in vehicle production, used for cooling systems, paint shops, and cleaning processes. On average, it takes up to 151 cubic meters of water to manufacture a single car. This excessive water consumption poses a severe strain on local water supplies, especially in arid regions. Furthermore, wastewater from factories often contains hazardous chemicals, heavy metals, and microplastics. If not properly treated, these contaminants can seep into local water bodies, affecting marine ecosystems and public health.

Air Pollution and Toxic Emissions

Beyond CO2, car manufacturing emits various pollutants that contribute to poor air quality and respiratory illnesses. The painting and coating processes release volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which contribute to smog formation and have been linked to lung diseases. Emissions from factory operations and power plants used to supply energy to car manufacturing facilities contribute to nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter pollution, leading to acid rain and cardiovascular diseases.

Waste Generation and Recycling Challenges

The car manufacturing process generates vast amounts of waste, from metal scraps and plastic components to hazardous chemicals and non-recyclable materials. While a large percentage of scrap metal can be recycled, many plastic and composite materials used in modern cars are difficult to process. With the rise of EVs, battery disposal is a growing concern. Many lithium-ion batteries contain toxic elements like lead and cadmium, posing environmental hazards if not properly recycled.

Global Efforts Toward Sustainable Car Manufacturing

Recognizing the urgency of reducing their ecological impact, car manufacturers are gradually shifting toward greener alternatives. Companies like Tesla and BMW are integrating solar and wind power into their production facilities to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Some automakers are exploring the use of recycled aluminum, biodegradable plastics, and sustainable textiles to minimize waste. Many factories are implementing closed-loop water recycling systems to reduce water consumption and prevent pollution. Efforts to promote sustainability in the industry include:

The use of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind in manufacturing plants.

Innovative recycling programs that repurpose old car parts and materials.

Improvements in energy efficiency within production lines to reduce emissions.

Adoption of cleaner, alternative materials for car interiors and body structures.

Electric Vehicles: A Double-Edged Sword?

While EVs are often touted as the future of sustainable transportation, their production still presents environmental challenges. The extraction and refining of lithium, nickel, and cobalt require vast amounts of energy and water, sometimes offsetting the carbon savings of driving an EV. An EV’s overall sustainability depends on the energy grid it charges from. In coal-dependent regions, EVs may not offer a significant reduction in emissions compared to efficient hybrid vehicles.

The Road Ahead for a Greener Auto Industry

The environmental impact of car manufacturing is a multifaceted challenge that requires a collaborative effort from governments, corporations, and consumers. Transitioning toward sustainable production practices, investing in recycling infrastructure, and promoting clean energy solutions are crucial steps in mitigating the industry's ecological footprint. As consumers, we can contribute by supporting manufacturers committed to sustainability, opting for fuel-efficient or electric vehicles, and advocating for stricter environmental policies. The road to a greener automotive industry is long, but with continued innovation and commitment, a more sustainable future is within reach.

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Smart or Mechanical Car Keys: What to Choose for Your Vehicle’s Security?
28.01.2025

Smart or Mechanical Car Keys: What to Choose for Your Vehicle’s Security?

When it comes to vehicle security, the type of car key you use is crucial. Car keys have evolved dramatically over the years, and today, two main types are commonly available: smart keys and mechanical keys. Each type offers distinct advantages and drawbacks, depending on your preferences, security needs, and budget. In this article, we’ll explore the differences between these two types of keys, their pros and cons, and help you determine which one is best for your vehicle’s security. Understanding Smart Car Keys Smart car keys, often referred to as key fobs, have become the standard for most new vehicles. These advanced keys operate using radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, which allows the key to communicate wirelessly with your car. The interaction between the car and the key is based on encrypted signals, enhancing both convenience and security. Key Features of Smart Car Keys: Keyless Entry: One of the most convenient features of smart keys is keyless entry. With this technology, you don’t have to physically insert a key into the lock to open your car. Instead, the key fob transmits a signal to the car’s receiver, unlocking the doors automatically when you approach. This feature is especially useful when your hands are full or during inclement weather. Push-to-Start Ignition: Many modern vehicles with smart keys feature a push-to-start ignition system. With this technology, you can start your car simply by pressing a button, provided that the key fob is inside the vehicle. No need to insert a key into the ignition, making the process quicker and easier. Enhanced Security Features: Smart keys are designed to improve vehicle security. They utilize encrypted signals that are difficult to replicate or hack. Modern key fobs often come with rolling codes, meaning the signal changes each time the key is used, making it nearly impossible for thieves to copy the key’s signal. Additionally, many smart keys are equipped with proximity sensors that automatically lock the doors when the key is a certain distance away, reducing the risk of theft. Convenience and Customization: Some smart car keys allow for extra features, such as memory settings for seat adjustments, climate control, and even personalized preferences like music playlists. This adds a layer of comfort and convenience to your driving experience. Drawbacks of Smart Car Keys: While smart keys offer numerous benefits, they come with a few challenges: Battery Dependence: Smart keys rely on batteries, both within the key fob and sometimes within the car itself. If the battery in your key fob dies, you might find yourself locked out of your vehicle or unable to start it. Fortunately, many vehicles allow you to use a backup mechanical key that is hidden inside the fob itself. However, the reliance on batteries can still be a disadvantage. Cost: Replacing a lost or damaged smart key can be expensive, particularly if it involves reprogramming or replacing the vehicle’s security system. Smart keys are generally more costly than mechanical keys, so the price of a replacement key can put a strain on your budget. Vulnerability to Hacking: Although modern smart keys are designed to be secure, they are not completely immune to theft. Sophisticated thieves have developed methods of intercepting and cloning key fob signals. While this is still a relatively rare occurrence, it’s important to be aware of the potential risks and take extra precautions to protect your key fob. Vulnerability to Water and Extreme Conditions: Smart keys are sensitive to water damage, which makes them less suitable for activities like surfing, open-water swimming, or even heavy rain exposure. Unlike mechanical keys, which are more resistant to environmental factors, electronic key fobs can malfunction if exposed to water or extreme weather conditions. This can leave you stranded or necessitate an expensive replacement. Understanding Mechanical Car Keys Mechanical car keys, also known as traditional metal keys, have been in use for over a century. These keys work through a physical mechanism: when inserted into the ignition, they turn to engage the engine. While they are less common in modern vehicles, mechanical keys are still widely used, particularly in older cars or more budget-friendly models. Key Features of Mechanical Car Keys: Simplicity and Reliability: One of the main advantages of mechanical keys is their simplicity. Unlike smart keys, mechanical keys don’t rely on electronics or batteries, making them highly reliable, especially in situations where technology might fail. Whether it’s a long road trip or a cold winter morning, you can always count on your mechanical key to work. Affordability: Mechanical keys are far less expensive to produce and replace than electronic keys. If you lose your key, getting a replacement is typically much cheaper. For those on a budget, mechanical keys are a practical option for car security. No Risk of Signal Interception: Mechanical keys don’t use radio signals, which means they can’t be intercepted or hacked in the same way smart keys can. There’s no risk of someone remotely copying your key’s signal to gain access to your vehicle. Durability: Mechanical keys are often made from durable materials, which means they can last for many years if properly cared for. They don’t require regular battery replacements and are resistant to the kind of wear and tear that might affect electronic systems. Suitable for Adventures: Mechanical keys are an excellent choice for outdoor enthusiasts and adventurers. Since they are resistant to water damage, they’re ideal for activities where you might get wet, such as hiking in the rain, kayaking, or camping by a lake. Their durability ensures they’ll keep working even in rugged or wet conditions. Drawbacks of Mechanical Car Keys: While mechanical keys have their merits, they also come with limitations: Lack of Convenience: Unlike smart keys, mechanical keys require manual operation. You need to physically insert the key into the door and ignition, which may be less convenient, especially when you’re in a hurry or carrying items. Security Risks: While mechanical keys can’t be hacked, they are more easily duplicated. If someone gets a hold of your key, they can make a copy, which could put your vehicle at risk. Additionally, older mechanical key systems don’t have the advanced security features found in modern smart keys. No Keyless Entry or Push-Start Features: Mechanical keys lack keyless entry and push-to-start ignition, which can make your car less convenient to use. In addition, you won’t have access to any of the advanced features offered by smart keys, such as memory settings or remote start. When deciding between a smart or mechanical car key, the best choice depends on your individual needs, preferences, and security concerns. If you prioritize convenience and advanced security , a smart key might be the right choice for you. Features like keyless entry, push-to-start ignition, and superior encryption provide a higher level of comfort and safety. If you have a newer vehicle or enjoy the latest technology, a smart key will enhance your driving experience. If you value simplicity, reliability, and cost-effectiveness , a mechanical key may be the better option. It’s a great choice for older vehicles, drivers on a budget, or those who don’t need the added complexity of modern electronic systems. Mechanical keys are also ideal for people who want a straightforward, low-maintenance solution to car access. Regardless of which type of key you choose, it’s important to maintain backups and ensure that your keys are properly cared for. If you opt for a smart key, remember to replace the batteries regularly and store the key in a safe place to prevent loss or theft. If you use a mechanical key, consider having a spare made to avoid being locked out of your vehicle in case of misplacement. For ultimate peace of mind, having both types of keys can be a smart investment—offering the convenience of advanced features alongside the reliability of a traditional backup. Together, they ensure you’re prepared for any situation while adding an extra layer of security.

What You Need To Know About BMW  Swirl Flaps and How To Solve The Problem With Them
25.03.2024

What You Need To Know About BMW  Swirl Flaps and How To Solve The Problem With Them

Swirl flaps are a BMW system that has been introduced to help burn the fuel mixture in the cylinder better due to the fact that diesel engines do not have throttle valves and it is not possible to adjust the air-fuel ratio. A diesel engine without vortex valves operates between a poor and a rich fuel mixture, because the only way to regulate it is through fuel injection. Design of the first generation swirl flaps that are made of made of metal. Unfortunately, swirl flaps are responsible for countless damaged engines and costly repairs due to design errors or metal fatigue. Once damaged, the cylinder sucks them in and causes great damage. This is how damaged valves damage the cylinder. Typical swirl flaps suction damage. The vortex valves are positioned in the inlet and are controlled by vacuum (DDE 4.0) or electrically (DDE5.0 / DDE6.4) by the engine ECU. Effects of malfunctioning valves: Swirl valves are stuck in open position: Deterioration of exhaust gas performance at lower speeds. Swirl valves are stuck in closed position: Approximate power loss of 10% at high engine speeds. How swirl flaps work: Performance characteristics: The vortex valves are in the closed position, at low engine speeds and small amounts of fuel injected (controlled by the ECU card). They open under the following conditions: coolant temperature <14 ° C OR * fuel quantity> 24 mg OR 2. engine speed 2250 rpm OR 3. inlet air temperature <-5 ° C. BMW and Pierburg have decided to produce diesel engines with metal vortex valves. The speed at which the pistons in the diesel engine operate is at least 60 rpm, so a sucked vortex valve will break and cause a number of damages inside the engine. In most cases, one or more pistons are severely damaged, as a bonus you get valves, in some cases a head or turbocharger. And this combination with a BMW engine is like a cumulative jackpot 🙂 In 2004, BMW began work on the problem and improved the design, however, a number of owners reported ongoing problems in this area. The solution to this problem is by removing the vortex valves and plugging, which does not affect the performance of the engine and at the same time, you can safely pass the exhaust test. Engines: M47 (136hp VP44 fuel pump) has no valves. M47N common rail engine (including M47N / M47TU / M47TUD20) (150hp. Face lift model from 2001 -) has valves. M57 engines (M57D) (525d & 187hp. 330d) cars with manual transmission do not have valves, but those with automatic have. M57N engines (M57TUD) (525d & 330d 204hp) have vortex valves. Ruined swirl flapss: The plugs that replace the vortex valves are easy to find on the internet, but you can also find them here on our website. Typical plugs: Disassembly of vortex valves: The vortex valves can be safely dismantled and in most cases if they are removed properly no loss of power is felt. Final list of models for which vortex valves are installed: Engine: M47N/M47TU/M47TUD20 Applications: * 110 kW (148 hp) and 330 N·m (243 lb·ft) o E46 320d 2001-2005 o E83 X3 2.0d (up to end of 2006) Engine: M47TU2D20 The engine was updated again in 2004 as the M47TU2D20. Still at 1995 cc, it produced more power across the range. Applications: * 120 kW (161 hp) and 340 N·m (251 lb·ft) E60/E61 520d E87 120d E90/E91 320d E83 X3 2.0d (end of 2006 onwards) Engine: M57/M57D25 M57D25 was introduced in 2000. Applications: * 166 PS (122 kW; 164 hp) at 4000 rpm, 350 N·m (260 lb·ft) at 2000-2500 rpm with a 4750 rpm redline, models: 2000-2003 E39 525d *Vehicles With Automatic Transmission ONLY* Engine: M57N/M57TU/M57TUD25 M57TUD25 was introduced in 2004. Applications: * 177 PS (130 kW; 175 hp) at 4000 rpm, 400 N·m (300 lb·ft) at 2000-2750 rpm models: E60/E61 525d Engine: M57/M57D30 M57D30, also called M57D29, was introduced in 1998. Applications: * 184 PS (135 kW; 181 hp)@4000, 390 N·m (290 lb·ft)@1750-3200 models: E39 530d *Vehicles With Automatic Transmission ONLY* E46 330d/330xd *Vehicles With Automatic Transmission ONLY* * 184 PS (135 kW; 181 hp)@4000, 410 N·m (300 lb·ft)@2000-3000 models: E38 730d *Vehicles With Automatic Transmission ONLY* E53 X5 3.0d * 193 PS (142 kW; 190 hp)@4000, 410 N·m (300 lb·ft)@1750-3000 models: E38 730d E39 530d Engine: M57N/M57TU/M57TUD30 M57TUD30 was introduced in 2002. It originally produced 160 kW (215 hp) at 4000 rpm and 500 N·m (370 lb·ft) at 2000-2750 rpm, but was tweaked for 150 kW (201 hp) at 4000 rpm and 410 N·m (300 lb·ft) at 1500-3250 rpm for 2003 and again for 200 kW (268 hp) at 4000 rpm and 560 N·m (410 lb·ft) at 2000-2250 rpm in 2004. Applications: * 204 PS (150 kW; 201 hp)@4000, 410 N·m (300 lb·ft)@1500-3250 models: E46 330d/330Cd/330xd E83 X3 3.0d * 218 PS (160 kW; 215 hp)@4000, 500 N·m (370 lb·ft)@2000-2750 models: E53 X5 3.0d E60/E61 530d/530xd E65 730d * 272 PS (200 kW; 268 hp)@4000, 560 N·m (410 lb·ft)@2000-2250 E60/E61 535d * 245 PS (180 kW; 242 hp)@4000, 500 N·m (370 lb·ft)@2000-2250 * 286 PS (210 kW; 282 hp)@4000, 580 N·m (430 lb·ft)@2000-2250 Engine: M57TU2D30 M57TU2D30 was introduced in 2007, making its debut in the facelifted E60 and E61. * M57TU2D30-UL: 197 PS (145 kW; 194 hp) * M57TU2D30-OL: 235 PS (173 kW; 232 hp)@4000, 500 N·m (370 lb·ft)@2000-2750 * M57TU2D30-TOP: 286 PS (210 kW; 282 hp), 580 N·m (430 lb·ft) Applications: * 197 PS (145 kW; 194 hp), 400 N·m (300 lb·ft) models: E90/E91/E92 325d E60/E61 525d/525xd * 231 PS (170 kW; 228 hp)@4000, 500 N·m (370 lb·ft)@2000-2750 models: E65 730d E90/E91 325d E90/E91 330d/330xd * 235 PS (173 kW; 232 hp) models: E60/E61, BMW E70, BMW E71 * 286 PS (210 kW; 282 hp), 580 N·m (430 lb·ft) models: E60/E61 535d E70 X5 3.0sd E71 X6 xDrive35d E83 X3 3.0sd E90/E91 335d The above models are listed for information only if you want to to make sure your engine has valves installed, please contact a competent person. Please note that the information described above is for informational purposes only and does not claim to be reliable. Mr-key.com is not responsible for any repair work you undertake that is related to the topic described in this article.

How to Know If Your Car Key Has a Hidden Transponder Chip
29.04.2025

How to Know If Your Car Key Has a Hidden Transponder Chip

Modern car keys are more than just simple tools to unlock doors—they're powerful components of your vehicle’s security system. Hidden inside many keys is a small yet crucial piece of technology known as a transponder chip . But how can you tell if your car key has one? Whether you’ve lost your key, are looking to replace it, or simply want to understand your vehicle better, knowing if your key contains a transponder chip is essential. This guide will explain what a transponder is, why it matters, and how you can easily check if your key is equipped with one. What Is a Transponder Chip? A transponder chip, short for "transmitter + responder," is a small electronic microchip embedded inside the plastic head of the car key or within a smart key fob. When you insert the key into the ignition—or have it nearby in a push-button start system—the chip emits a unique signal. The vehicle’s onboard computer must recognize this signal before it will allow the engine to start. Without the correct signal, even if the key physically fits into the ignition, the car won’t move. Transponders have been a game-changer in reducing car theft, and today, nearly all vehicles produced after the late 1990s are equipped with them. Learn more about how modern keys work and find replacement options in our car keys collection. Why It’s Critical to Know If Your Key Has a Chip If your key has a hidden transponder chip, replacing it is more complicated than simply cutting a new metal key. You will need a key that not only matches the cut but also includes the correct programming to communicate with your car’s immobilizer system. Failing to recognize this can lead to frustration, extra dealership fees, or even being stranded. Moreover, understanding your key's technology helps you make smarter choices when buying a spare, upgrading your security setup, or troubleshooting ignition issues. How to Check If Your Car Key Has a Transponder Chip Fortunately, you don’t need expensive equipment to find out. Start by considering the age of your vehicle: if your car was manufactured after 1995 (in Europe) or 1998 (in the USA), chances are very high it uses a transponder system. Next, examine the physical key. Keys with large, bulky plastic heads usually house a chip inside. In contrast, purely metallic keys without plastic parts tend to belong to older, non-transponder vehicles. You can also perform a simple foil test. Wrap the head of your key in aluminum foil and try to start the car. Since foil blocks radio frequencies, if the car refuses to start, it’s likely that a transponder chip is present. If you want absolute certainty, consult your vehicle’s manual or speak with a professional locksmith. Many locksmiths use specialized tools to detect whether a chip exists. For additional technical explanation, you can refer to this guide on how immobilizer systems work. What Happens If the Transponder Signal Is Missing? If you try to start your car without the proper transponder signal, the immobilizer system kicks in. Most vehicles will either not crank at all or crank without allowing the engine to fire. Some models will display a warning light on the dashboard, often shaped like a padlock or a car with a key icon. Without a valid transponder signal, you won't be going anywhere—no matter how new or well-cut the key is. Can You Program a Transponder Key Yourself? Depending on the make and model of your car, some basic keys can be programmed at home—especially if you already have one working key available. However, many newer vehicles require professional diagnostic tools connected directly to the car’s computer to program keys securely. Attempting DIY programming on these systems without the right knowledge can lock your car’s immobilizer and lead to expensive repairs. Always consult your car’s manual or seek professional help before attempting any programming yourself. Knowledge = Protection Understanding whether your car key contains a hidden transponder chip isn’t just a fun fact—it's essential for protecting your vehicle and saving yourself time, money, and hassle. Whether you're planning to replace a worn-out key, add a backup, or upgrade your security, knowing what’s inside your key helps you make better, safer decisions. If you ever need a spare key, a battery replacement, or advice on key maintenance, you can explore more in our online store at Mr Key . Remember: a smart driver is a secure driver. Stay informed, stay prepared, and you'll always stay one step ahead.

Removing Keys from Locks: A Comprehensive Guide
26.08.2024

Removing Keys from Locks: A Comprehensive Guide

Removing a key from a lock may seem simple, but it can become tricky when dealing with stuck or broken keys. Whether you're dealing with a standard lock, padlock, or vehicle ignition, understanding the correct techniques can save you from damage and frustration. This guide will walk you through the essential steps for removing keys from various types of locks, offering practical advice and tips to ensure a smooth process. Common Scenarios and Challenges Keys can become stuck or difficult to remove for several reasons, including misalignment, wear and tear, or damage to the key or lock. Additionally, environmental factors like temperature changes can cause metals to expand or contract, making key removal more challenging. Recognizing the cause of the issue is the first step in effectively addressing it. Basic Techniques for Key Removal Gentle Wiggle and Pull: The first technique to try is a gentle wiggle and pull. Hold the key firmly and move it slightly up and down or side to side while pulling gently. This method works well if the key is simply stuck due to misalignment. Lubrication: If the key is difficult to remove, applying a small amount of graphite powder or a silicone-based lubricant into the keyhole can help. Avoid using oil-based lubricants, as they can attract dirt and grime, potentially worsening the problem. Tapping the Lock: For stubborn cases, lightly tapping the lock with a hammer while gently pulling the key can help dislodge it. This method is effective when the key is stuck due to debris or minor misalignments within the lock. Advanced Techniques for Stuck Keys Using a Key Extractor: If the key is broken off inside the lock, a key extractor tool can be very effective. Insert the tool into the keyhole, hook the broken key piece, and pull it out carefully. This method requires patience and a steady hand. Pliers and Tweezers: If part of the key is still protruding, you can use needle-nose pliers or tweezers to grip and pull the key out. Be careful not to apply too much force, as this can push the key further into the lock or damage the lock mechanism. Heat Application: In cold weather, metal contracts, which can cause the key to get stuck. Gently heating the key with a hairdryer or warm cloth can expand the metal slightly, making it easier to remove. However, avoid using an open flame, as it can damage the lock or key. Preventing Key Stuck Issues Prevention is always better than cure. Here are some tips to prevent keys from getting stuck in the future: Regular Maintenance: Keep your locks and keys clean and well-lubricated with appropriate materials. Regularly inspect for wear and tear, and replace any damaged keys or locks. Use Duplicate Keys: If you notice a key becoming difficult to use, have a duplicate made before it breaks or becomes stuck. This will save you the hassle of dealing with a stuck key. Avoid Excessive Force: Never force a key into a lock. If it doesn’t turn easily, stop and inspect both the key and the lock for damage or obstruction. When to Call a Professional While many stuck key issues can be resolved with the techniques mentioned above, there are times when professional assistance is necessary. If you’ve tried all the methods and the key remains stuck, or if you’re dealing with a high-security lock, it’s best to contact a professional locksmith. They have the tools and expertise to safely remove the key without damaging the lock or key further. Dealing with a stuck key can be frustrating, but understanding the proper techniques can save you time and prevent damage. From basic wiggling and lubrication to more advanced methods like using a key extractor, there are various approaches depending on the severity of the situation. Regular maintenance and careful handling can help prevent these issues from occurring in the first place. When in doubt, don’t hesitate to seek professional help to ensure your lock and key remain in good working condition.

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