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When you think about cars, what comes to mind? Speed, design, or maybe the feeling of freedom when you hit the open road? But there’s one crucial aspect of driving that you might not think about as much—safety. Cars today are safer than ever, thanks to decades of innovations and advancements. But how did we get here? Let’s dive into the history of car safety features and see just how far we’ve come to protect you and your loved ones on the road.

The Early Days: A Lack of Safety Awareness

Back in the early 1900s, cars were viewed as luxury items and status symbols. Safety wasn’t really a concern. Cars had no seat belts, no airbags, and certainly no crumple zones. People focused more on making vehicles go faster and look better than on keeping passengers safe.

In those days, accidents were far more dangerous, often leading to severe injuries or fatalities. It wasn’t until the rise of car ownership in the 1920s and 1930s that people began to notice just how dangerous cars could be. The growing number of vehicles on the road led to more accidents, and the need for safety features became evident.

The Invention of Seat Belts: The First Major Breakthrough

Seat belts were one of the first car safety features to be introduced. But they didn’t become standard right away. In fact, the idea of a seat belt first appeared in the late 19th century, designed for use in airplanes, not cars. It wasn’t until the 1950s that the seat belt began to find its way into automobiles, thanks to Swedish engineer Nils Bohlin, who designed the three-point seat belt in 1959.

Bohlin’s invention, which you still use today, was a game-changer. It saved countless lives and reduced serious injuries in crashes. Volvo was the first company to introduce the three-point seat belt in their vehicles, and soon after, other manufacturers followed suit.

Airbags: A Revolutionary Step Forward

As seat belts became more common, automakers started looking for additional ways to protect drivers and passengers. Enter the airbag. The airbag was initially developed in the 1950s, but it took decades of refinement before it became a standard feature in cars. The first production car equipped with an airbag was the 1973 Oldsmobile Toronado, but it wasn’t until the 1990s that airbags became widely available.

Today, airbags are a critical component of vehicle safety systems, with front, side, and even curtain airbags designed to protect you from all angles in a crash. Alongside seat belts, airbags are now seen as one of the most effective life-saving technologies in modern vehicles.

Crumple Zones: Protecting You in a Collision

Crumple zones are another innovation that may not be immediately obvious, but they play a huge role in keeping you safe. In the event of a crash, crumple zones are designed to absorb and dissipate energy, reducing the force transferred to passengers.

Introduced in the 1950s by Mercedes-Benz, crumple zones help reduce the impact of a collision by sacrificing the car’s body to protect the occupants. Today, crumple zones are standard in virtually every car, and their design continues to evolve, improving crash safety with each new model year.

Anti-lock Brakes: Helping You Keep Control

The introduction of anti-lock braking systems (ABS) in the 1970s was another massive leap forward in car safety. ABS prevents the wheels from locking up during braking, which helps maintain steering control during an emergency stop. This system is especially useful on slippery surfaces like rain-soaked or icy roads.

Before ABS, sudden braking could lead to skidding, causing drivers to lose control of their vehicles. ABS has significantly reduced the number of accidents caused by loss of control and has become a staple of modern driving safety.

Electronic Stability Control: The Technology That Saves Lives

Electronic Stability Control (ESC) was a groundbreaking safety feature that hit the market in the 1990s. ESC helps you maintain control of your car during skids or oversteering by automatically applying brakes to individual wheels.

Studies have shown that ESC can reduce the risk of a fatal crash by as much as 50%. In fact, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) now mandates that all cars sold in the United States come equipped with ESC. This technology has proven to be especially helpful in preventing rollovers, which are among the most dangerous types of accidents.

The Future of Car Safety: What’s Next?

Car safety features have come a long way, but we’re not done yet. The future of vehicle safety lies in advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS), which use sensors, cameras, and radar to detect potential hazards and prevent accidents before they happen.

Some of the technologies that are becoming increasingly common include lane departure warnings, automatic emergency braking, and adaptive cruise control. And let’s not forget the promise of self-driving cars, which could drastically reduce accidents caused by human error, which accounts for the majority of crashes today.

The Importance of Car Safety

As we look back on the history of car safety features, it’s incredible to see how far we’ve come. From the early days of no seat belts or airbags to today’s cutting-edge technology, the automotive industry has made safety a top priority.

The next time you get behind the wheel, take a moment to appreciate all the safety features designed to protect you. Whether it’s a simple seat belt or a high-tech stability control system, these innovations have made driving safer for everyone.

And remember, no matter how advanced your car’s safety systems are, the best protection is still responsible driving. Stay alert, drive safely, and always buckle up!

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How to Protect Your Car Key Fob from Relay Attacks

How to Protect Your Car Key Fob from Relay Attacks

Car theft has entered the digital age — and unfortunately, so have the thieves. As car manufacturers move toward keyless technology, a new type of threat has emerged: the relay attack. Unlike traditional break-ins, this high-tech method allows criminals to steal a vehicle without touching the keys — or even breaking a window. Imagine this: your car is parked safely outside your house. Your key fob is inside, hanging on a hook by the front door. You're fast asleep. But outside, two individuals with small electronic devices are working together. One stands near your front door, scanning for a signal from your key fob. The other waits by your car. Within seconds, your key’s signal is captured, extended, and transmitted to your car. It unlocks, starts, and drives away — and you might not notice until morning. This is not science fiction. It's called a relay attack , and it's one of the fastest-growing vehicle theft methods worldwide. Why Relay Attacks Are So Effective The key to this technique is exploiting the constant communication between your car and its fob. Most keyless entry systems are designed for convenience — you don’t even need to press a button. The car automatically detects the presence of the key fob and unlocks when you approach. This convenience is exactly what makes it vulnerable. Relay devices — which are cheap, portable, and easy to use — can mimic the signal and trick the car into thinking the key is nearby, even when it’s inside your home. Security experts have raised the alarm about this method for years, but many drivers still don’t realize how easily their vehicles can be accessed. In the UK alone, keyless car theft now accounts for more than 90% of vehicle thefts involving high-end models, according to the AA. And with the rise of online tutorials and black-market tools, the problem is growing globally. So, What Can You Do to Stay Safe? Fortunately, protecting your vehicle doesn’t require advanced tech or a huge investment — just awareness and a few smart habits. One of the most effective ways to block relay attacks is also the simplest: store your keys in a signal-blocking container . Often called a Faraday pouch or Faraday box, this lined case prevents radio signals from escaping. When your keys are stored inside, they can’t be scanned or cloned, no matter how close a thief gets to your home. Placement also matters. Many drivers leave their keys near the front door or on an entryway table — spots that are easy to access from outside. Moving your keys to the center of your home, an upper floor, or even a metal box can reduce signal exposure dramatically. Some newer key fobs allow you to manually disable the signal when it’s not in use. This feature is often hidden in the manual and rarely mentioned by dealers. Taking a moment to learn whether your key supports this — and how to activate it — can make a big difference. It’s also worth checking whether your vehicle’s software is up to date. Many automakers periodically release firmware updates that strengthen encryption or reduce signal range. In some cases, updates can even detect and block suspicious unlock attempts. And while it may seem old-fashioned, physical security still works . Devices like steering wheel locks or gear shift immobilisers can be powerful visual deterrents. Even if a thief manages to unlock your vehicle, the sight of a bulky lock inside may be enough to send them looking for an easier target. If you're looking for practical solutions beyond GPS , check out our blog: Do Car Keys Have GPS? What You Need to Know About Key Tracking . In summary, here are a few key takeaways to keep your keys and vehicle safer: Store your fob in a signal-blocking pouch or metal container Keep keys away from entry points like doors or windows Disable keyless signals if your fob supports it Update your car’s firmware regularly Use visible anti-theft devices as a deterrent Looking Ahead: Smarter Cars, Smarter Drivers Relay attacks are part of a larger trend — one where modern technology makes life more convenient, but also creates new risks. Just like we’ve learned to secure our phones and passwords, we now need to think about how we secure our vehicles. As carmakers explore more secure solutions — like Ultra Wideband (UWB) tech and biometric verification — drivers still need to take responsibility for their vehicle’s safety. The tools are already out there, and many of them cost less than a meal out. It’s not just about avoiding theft; it’s about peace of mind. So next time you get home, before tossing your keys on the hallway table, take a second to think: are they really safe there?

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Automotive Innovation: A Glimpse into the Future of Driving

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Automotive Innovation: A Glimpse into the Future of Driving

The automotive industry is experiencing a transformative shift, and at the center of this revolution is artificial intelligence (AI). From the development of fully autonomous vehicles to enhancements in key systems, AI is changing how we drive, maintain our vehicles, and secure them. While these advancements promise increased efficiency and convenience, they also raise new questions, particularly regarding cost, accessibility, and how car owners will interact with their vehicles in the future. Let’s take a closer look at how AI is reshaping the automotive world and why it’s important for car owners to understand these changes. Smarter Cars, Smarter Keys Artificial intelligence isn’t just revolutionizing self-driving cars—it’s also transforming the traditional car key. What once required a physical key is now being replaced by more advanced, secure alternatives. With the rise of smart keys, biometric access, and mobile apps, car keys are becoming increasingly sophisticated. AI-powered keyless entry systems allow you to unlock and start your car without needing to take a physical key out of your pocket or bag. The car senses your presence and communicates wirelessly to grant access. Additionally, biometric keys such as fingerprint or facial recognition are gaining traction, ensuring that only authorized users can access the vehicle. These systems are nearly impossible to duplicate, offering an unparalleled level of security. While these innovations add layers of convenience, they also highlight the growing need for professional key replacement services to ensure your car's security isn’t compromised. Autonomous Vehicles: A Step Toward the Future The idea of self-driving cars has long been a futuristic concept, but AI is making it a reality. Although fully autonomous vehicles are not yet mainstream, the technology is evolving quickly. AI algorithms are able to process data from sensors, cameras, and radars in real-time, allowing the car to navigate without human input. While fully autonomous driving has the potential to reduce accidents caused by human error—responsible for over 90% of crashes today—there are still many challenges to overcome. Self-driving cars must be equipped with robust systems capable of handling emergencies and unpredictable situations, which are crucial for ensuring safety. Even if true autonomy is still a few years away, many modern vehicles already feature semi-autonomous capabilities, such as adaptive cruise control, automatic emergency braking, and automated parking. These features, powered by AI, offer significant improvements in driving safety and convenience. Predictive Maintenance: Preventing Problems Before They Happen Imagine a world where your car could tell you when it’s about to break down. With AI, this is becoming a reality. Predictive maintenance, powered by AI, is revolutionizing how we approach vehicle care. AI-driven systems can analyze your car’s performance in real-time, predicting when parts need servicing before they fail. Examples of Predictive Maintenance : Notifications for upcoming maintenance, such as oil changes or brake pad replacements. Alerts about issues like low tire pressure or a battery nearing its end. Suggestions for repairs based on your driving patterns, reducing the chances of unexpected breakdowns. By identifying potential issues before they become major problems, AI helps save you time and money, providing a smoother, more reliable driving experience. Enhanced Driving Experience AI is not only about improving vehicle performance but also enhancing your overall driving experience. Through smart technologies, driving has become more intuitive and enjoyable. Voice assistants, for example, allow you to control various functions hands-free, from adjusting climate settings to managing calls and navigation. AI also customizes your vehicle experience based on your preferences. Over time, AI learns your favorite seating positions, climate control settings, and even your regular routes, making every drive more comfortable. With AI-powered infotainment systems, you can enjoy real-time traffic updates, personalized music playlists, and even hands-free control over entertainment choices. These innovations make driving safer, more enjoyable, and tailored to your individual needs. Transforming Vehicle Security The introduction of AI in automotive security is setting new standards. As vehicles become increasingly connected, the potential for cyber threats rises. Fortunately, AI is being implemented to protect against these risks, offering peace of mind for car owners. AI-enhanced Security Features: Advanced Theft Protection : AI systems can detect unusual activities, like attempted break-ins, and alert you immediately via your smartphone. Geo-fencing : Some vehicles now allow you to create safe zones. If your car moves outside the designated area, you’ll receive an instant notification. Anti-Hacking Measures : As cars become more integrated with the internet, AI helps protect against cyberattacks, ensuring your vehicle's systems remain secure. These features not only protect your vehicle from theft but also provide you with more control over your car’s safety, no matter where you are. What This Means for Key Replacements As AI continues to evolve in the automotive industry, the process of replacing and programming car keys is becoming more complex. Advanced keys, such as those based on biometric authentication or smartphone applications, are more expensive to replace than traditional metal keys. Furthermore, these modern systems require specialized equipment and expertise to program properly. For car owners, it’s essential to stay informed about your vehicle’s key system. Always keep a spare key on hand and familiarize yourself with emergency unlocking features, so you're prepared if something goes wrong. Challenges of AI in Cars While the benefits of AI in automotive innovation are clear, there are also some challenges to consider. AI can drive up the cost of manufacturing and repairs, and adapting to new features can sometimes be overwhelming for drivers. High Costs : Implementing AI technologies in vehicles can increase both the initial price and the cost of repairs. Learning Curve : Some drivers may find it difficult to adapt to new, AI-driven features, especially if they are not technologically inclined. Dependence on Connectivity : Many AI-powered systems require an internet connection, which can be problematic in remote areas or locations with poor service. Being aware of these challenges will help you navigate the evolving automotive landscape and make informed decisions about your car’s technology. Embracing the Future of Driving Artificial intelligence is rapidly transforming the automotive industry, changing everything from how we drive to how we secure and maintain our vehicles. For car owners, these innovations bring immense convenience and enhanced security. But they also require a deeper understanding of the systems that power your car, from keyless entry to semi-autonomous driving features. As AI continues to develop, staying informed will help you make the best decisions for your lifestyle and budget. Whether you’re exploring new key technologies or considering a fully autonomous vehicle, the future of driving is undeniably shaped by AI—and it’s already here.

Do Car Keys Have GPS? What You Need to Know About Key Tracking

Do Car Keys Have GPS? What You Need to Know About Key Tracking

In an age where smartphones can locate us with pinpoint accuracy and lost luggage can be tracked halfway around the world, it’s easy to assume car keys are just as smart. But for many frustrated drivers, losing a car key feels like sending it into a black hole. The lack of a clear way to find them often leads to stress, wasted time, and sometimes costly replacements. So here’s the big question: Do car keys have GPS, and can they be tracked like other smart devices? This article explains the technology behind key tracking, compares GPS with Bluetooth, and offers practical ways to find lost keys in a connected world. The Truth About GPS in Car Keys While GPS technology has become common in many consumer devices, the vast majority of car keys do not include built-in GPS. Even the most modern remote key fobs, which allow for keyless entry and push-button start, generally lack the components necessary for GPS functionality. These components include a satellite GPS receiver, a data transmission module, and a sustainable power source—none of which are typically found in a key fob. The design of a car key prioritizes compactness, cost-efficiency, and low energy usage. Adding GPS would not only increase manufacturing costs but also introduce battery life challenges. That’s why most manufacturers have opted against including GPS tracking in car keys. GPS requires constant power and data transmission — something a small coin cell battery in a typical key fob can’t support." – Marcus Lee, Automotive Tech Analyst How Can Car Keys Be Tracked? Although your keys may not have GPS, there are other technologies that make it possible to track or locate them when they’re lost. These include Bluetooth trackers, crowdsourced networks, and GPS systems that track the vehicle instead of the key itself. 1. Bluetooth Trackers (Apple AirTag, Tile, Chipolo) These small, attachable gadgets can be added to your keychain and linked to a mobile app. They rely on Bluetooth to provide location data when within a certain range. If your keys are somewhere nearby—like in your home or office—these trackers can play a sound or show you their last known position on a map. The range is generally up to 120 meters (400 feet), and battery life can last up to a year, making them a practical, low-maintenance option for most users. 2. Crowdsourced Networks (Find My, Tile Network) If your Bluetooth tracker is out of range, some brands offer a smart workaround. Apple’s AirTag, for instance, uses the “Find My” network, which consists of millions of iPhones around the world. If someone with an Apple device passes near your lost keys, the location is anonymously and securely sent to your phone. This creates a global, decentralized tracking system that mimics GPS functionality without requiring satellites or cellular connections. 3. Car GPS Systems (Vehicle Only, Not the Key) Some high-end cars offer integrated GPS systems, but these track the vehicle, not the keys. Brands like Tesla, BMW, and Mercedes-Benz allow owners to locate their car through mobile apps. If your keys are left inside the car, you may be able to find them by locating the vehicle. However, once the keys are removed, they cannot be tracked unless equipped with a separate Bluetooth tracker. GPS vs Bluetooth: What’s the Difference? To better understand why GPS isn’t commonly included in car keys, it’s useful to compare the two technologies: GPS provides global, real-time tracking with high precision, but it’s power-intensive and costly. Bluetooth, while more limited in range, is ideal for small items and short distances, offering a cost-effective solution for everyday use. Global Perspectives on Key Tracking Around the world, the adoption of key tracking technologies differs based on privacy laws, tech infrastructure, and consumer behavior. In Japan and South Korea, smart home and car integration are advanced, yet GPS-enabled keys are still not the norm. In many parts of Europe, particularly in countries like Germany, Bluetooth solutions are favored due to strict data privacy regulations. In contrast, the U.S. market has embraced personal tracking devices like Apple AirTag and Tile, making them increasingly common accessories. These differences highlight how technology adoption often reflects broader cultural and legal norms, as well as the balance between convenience and privacy. Smart Tips to Keep Track of Your Keys Whether your keys have advanced tech or not, you can take simple steps to avoid losing them. Attaching a Bluetooth tracker is a great first line of defense. Keeping your keys in a consistent, designated place at home reduces the chances of misplacement. Many tracking apps also offer “left behind” alerts, which notify you if you leave your keys behind when moving out of range. It's also smart to keep a spare key somewhere safe and consider going keyless if your next car allows it. Implementing a few of these habits can save you time, frustration, and the cost of replacing a lost key. The Future of Key Tracking While car keys may not have built-in GPS, technology continues to evolve with practical alternatives. Bluetooth trackers, supported by app alerts and community networks, already provide effective ways to find lost keys. As innovation progresses, we can expect even more seamless solutions, such as Ultra Wideband (UWB) technology and Internet of Things (IoT) integrations, to become mainstream. As our tools become smarter, so must the way we use and manage them. With a little foresight and the right accessories, you'll never lose track of your keys again.

What You Need To Know About BMW  Swirl Flaps and How To Solve The Problem With Them

What You Need To Know About BMW Swirl Flaps and How To Solve The Problem With Them

Swirl flaps are a BMW system that has been introduced to help burn the fuel mixture in the cylinder better due to the fact that diesel engines do not have throttle valves and it is not possible to adjust the air-fuel ratio. A diesel engine without vortex valves operates between a poor and a rich fuel mixture, because the only way to regulate it is through fuel injection. Design of the first generation swirl flaps that are made of made of metal. Unfortunately, swirl flaps are responsible for countless damaged engines and costly repairs due to design errors or metal fatigue. Once damaged, the cylinder sucks them in and causes great damage. This is how damaged valves damage the cylinder. Typical swirl flaps suction damage. The vortex valves are positioned in the inlet and are controlled by vacuum (DDE 4.0) or electrically (DDE5.0 / DDE6.4) by the engine ECU. Effects of malfunctioning valves: Swirl valves are stuck in open position: Deterioration of exhaust gas performance at lower speeds. Swirl valves are stuck in closed position: Approximate power loss of 10% at high engine speeds. How swirl flaps work: Performance characteristics: The vortex valves are in the closed position, at low engine speeds and small amounts of fuel injected (controlled by the ECU card). They open under the following conditions: coolant temperature <14 ° C OR * fuel quantity> 24 mg OR engine speed 2250 rpm OR inlet air temperature <-5 ° C BMW and Pierburg have decided to produce diesel engines with metal vortex valves. The speed at which the pistons in the diesel engine operate is at least 60 rpm, so a sucked vortex valve will break and cause a number of damages inside the engine. In most cases, one or more pistons are severely damaged, as a bonus you get valves, in some cases a head or turbocharger. And this combination with a BMW engine is like a cumulative jackpot 🙂 In 2004, BMW began work on the problem and improved the design, however, a number of owners reported ongoing problems in this area. The solution to this problem is by removing the vortex valves and plugging, which does not affect the performance of the engine and at the same time, you can safely pass the exhaust test. Engines: M47 (136hp VP44 fuel pump) has no valves. M47N common rail engine (including M47N / M47TU / M47TUD20) (150hp. Face lift model from 2001 -) has valves. M57 engines (M57D) (525d & 187hp. 330d) cars with manual transmission do not have valves, but those with automatic have. M57N engines (M57TUD) (525d & 330d 204hp) have vortex valves. Ruined swirl flaps: The plugs that replace the vortex valves are easy to find on the internet, but you can also find them here on our website. Typical plugs: Disassembly of vortex valves: The vortex valves can be safely dismantled and in most cases if they are removed properly no loss of power is felt. Final list of models for which vortex valves are installed: Engine: M47N/M47TU/M47TUD20 Applications: * 110 kW (148 hp) and 330 N·m (243 lb·ft) o E46 320d 2001-2005 o E83 X3 2.0d (up to end of 2006) Engine: M47TU2D20 The engine was updated again in 2004 as the M47TU2D20. Still at 1995 cc, it produced more power across the range. Applications: * 120 kW (161 hp) and 340 N·m (251 lb·ft) E60/E61 520d E87 120d E90/E91 320d E83 X3 2.0d (end of 2006 onwards) Engine: M57/M57D25 M57D25 was introduced in 2000. Applications: * 166 PS (122 kW; 164 hp) at 4000 rpm, 350 N·m (260 lb·ft) at 2000-2500 rpm with a 4750 rpm redline, models: 2000-2003 E39 525d *Vehicles With Automatic Transmission ONLY* Engine: M57N/M57TU/M57TUD25 M57TUD25 was introduced in 2004. Applications: * 177 PS (130 kW; 175 hp) at 4000 rpm, 400 N·m (300 lb·ft) at 2000-2750 rpm models: E60/E61 525d Engine: M57/M57D30 M57D30, also called M57D29, was introduced in 1998. Applications: * 184 PS (135 kW; 181 hp)@4000, 390 N·m (290 lb·ft)@1750-3200 models: E39 530d *Vehicles With Automatic Transmission ONLY* E46 330d/330xd *Vehicles With Automatic Transmission ONLY* * 184 PS (135 kW; 181 hp)@4000, 410 N·m (300 lb·ft)@2000-3000 models: E38 730d *Vehicles With Automatic Transmission ONLY* E53 X5 3.0d * 193 PS (142 kW; 190 hp)@4000, 410 N·m (300 lb·ft)@1750-3000 models: E38 730d E39 530d Engine: M57N/M57TU/M57TUD30 M57TUD30 was introduced in 2002. It originally produced 160 kW (215 hp) at 4000 rpm and 500 N·m (370 lb·ft) at 2000-2750 rpm, but was tweaked for 150 kW (201 hp) at 4000 rpm and 410 N·m (300 lb·ft) at 1500-3250 rpm for 2003 and again for 200 kW (268 hp) at 4000 rpm and 560 N·m (410 lb·ft) at 2000-2250 rpm in 2004. Applications: * 204 PS (150 kW; 201 hp)@4000, 410 N·m (300 lb·ft)@1500-3250 models: E46 330d/330Cd/330xd E83 X3 3.0d * 218 PS (160 kW; 215 hp)@4000, 500 N·m (370 lb·ft)@2000-2750 models: E53 X5 3.0d E60/E61 530d/530xd E65 730d * 272 PS (200 kW; 268 hp)@4000, 560 N·m (410 lb·ft)@2000-2250 E60/E61 535d * 245 PS (180 kW; 242 hp)@4000, 500 N·m (370 lb·ft)@2000-2250 * 286 PS (210 kW; 282 hp)@4000, 580 N·m (430 lb·ft)@2000-2250 Engine: M57TU2D30 M57TU2D30 was introduced in 2007, making its debut in the facelifted E60 and E61. * M57TU2D30-UL: 197 PS (145 kW; 194 hp) * M57TU2D30-OL: 235 PS (173 kW; 232 hp)@4000, 500 N·m (370 lb·ft)@2000-2750 * M57TU2D30-TOP: 286 PS (210 kW; 282 hp), 580 N·m (430 lb·ft) Applications: * 197 PS (145 kW; 194 hp), 400 N·m (300 lb·ft) models: E90/E91/E92 325d E60/E61 525d/525xd * 231 PS (170 kW; 228 hp)@4000, 500 N·m (370 lb·ft)@2000-2750 models: E65 730d E90/E91 325d E90/E91 330d/330xd * 235 PS (173 kW; 232 hp) models: E60/E61, BMW E70, BMW E71 * 286 PS (210 kW; 282 hp), 580 N·m (430 lb·ft) models: E60/E61 535d E70 X5 3.0sd E71 X6 xDrive35d E83 X3 3.0sd E90/E91 335d The above models are listed for information only if you want to to make sure your engine has valves installed, please contact a competent person. Please note that the information described above is for informational purposes only and does not claim to be reliable. Mr-key.com is not responsible for any repair work you undertake that is related to the topic described in this article.

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